jueves, 29 de mayo de 2008

La dinastía Shang (1766-1027 a.C.): La primera

La dinastía Shang gobernó en el territorio que ocupan las actuales provincias de Henan, Hubei, Shandong y la parte septentrional de Anhui, en el centro y norte de China. Así se puede vislumbrar en el mapa localizado a la derecha de la pantalla. La capital, desde alrededor del 1384 a.C. en adelante, estaba situada en Anyang cerca de la frontera norte de Henan. La economía estaba basada en la agricultura; se cultivaba mijo, trigo, cebada y posiblemente arroz. También se cuidaban gusanos de seda, y se criaban cerdos, perros, ovejas y bueyes. Se han encontrado recipientes de bronce, armas y otras herramientas, lo cual indica el conocimiento de la metalurgia y la existencia de artesanía.
En la segunda foto aparece una figura compuesta por un animal salvaje que ataca a un ciervo, de aproximadamente el siglo XVI a. C. La sociedad creada por los Shang era aristocrática. Al frente estaba el rey, que presidía una nobleza militar y elegía a los gobernantes territoriales, que estaban obligados a ayudarle en sus empresas militares. Entre esta clase aristocrática y los plebeyos había un estrato sacerdotal culto que se ocupaba de los documentos de gobierno y era responsable de la adivinación. Los Shang adoraban a sus antepasados y a una multitud de dioses, el principal de los cuales era conocido como Shang Ti, ‘el Señor en lo Alto’.
El relato de la caída de la dinastía Shang que aparece en las historias tradicionales chinas sigue un modelo legendario, que según la tradición, causó la caída de los Xia en manos los Shang. El último monarca Shang, un tirano cruel y libertino, fue expulsado por un enérgico Zhou de un estado en el valle del río Wei. Situada en las franjas noroccidentales del dominio Shang, la cultura de los Zhou era una síntesis de los elementos básicos de la civilización Shang y ciertas tradiciones marciales características de los pueblos no chinos del norte y del oeste.

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