Hacia finales del siglo XVII, los Qing habían eliminado toda la oposición Ming y sofocado una rebelión encabezada por generales chinos, quienes en principio habían ayudado a los manchúes y a los que se habían otorgado dominios semiautónomos en el sur. A mediados del siglo XVIII, durante el reinado del emperador Qianlong, la dinastía Qing llegó al apogeo de su poder. Dongbei Pingyuan (Manchuria), Mongolia, Xinjiang y el Tíbet se encontraban bajo el control Qing, hasta Nepal notó la influencia china; Birmania enviaba periódicamente tributos a la corte Qing, al igual que las islas Ryūkyū; Corea y Vietnam del Norte reconocieron ambos la soberanía china y Taiwan fue anexionada.
El orden interno que los manchúes implantaron hizo del siglo XVIII un periodo de paz y prosperidad sin precedentes en China; la población se duplicó, pero la producción fue incapaz de expandirse al mismo ritmo. Hacia finales del siglo XVIII, la situación económica del campesinado chino había empezado a declinar. Los recursos financieros del gobierno estaban gravemente mermados por el coste de la expansión exterior y a finales del reinado de Qianlong estaban casi agotados por la corrupción oficial. Las tropas manchúes situadas a lo largo de toda China fueron una causa más de deterioro de la economía y, debilitadas por su escasa experiencia bélica al servir como simples guarniciones, fueron poco capaces de empuñar las armas en su propia defensa.
Es una época de marcadas presiones extranjeras, en donde las potencias de Occidente obligan a los chinos a comerciar materias primas a precios que no eran convenientes para ellos. Ante una negativa de China hacia comienzos del Siglo XIX, se das las famosas Guerra del Opio y los Tratados desiguales. Este hecho hizo que el imperio pierda gran cantidad de territorios y quede sujeto comercialmente a las ordenes de Gran Bretaña, el gran beneficiado de esta situación. Debido a esta debilidad exterior frente a los ataques bélicos y diplomáticos de la dinastía Quing, hacia mediados de Siglo XIX se dieron una gran cantidad de revoluciones y movimientos desde el sector agrario en contra del poder imperial.
Era tarde para los manchúes. Poco después de la Guerra Chino-japonesa, Sun Yat-sen, formado según el modelo occidental, había iniciado un movimiento revolucionario dedicado a establecer un gobierno republicano. Durante la primera década del siglo XX, los revolucionarios atrajeron a estudiantes, comerciantes chinos con el extranjero y grupos nacionales poco satisfechos con el gobierno manchú. A mediados de 1911 tuvieron lugar levantamientos como protesta contra el programa de nacionalización del ferrocarril Qing y en octubre de ese año estalló la Revolución republicana en Hankou (en la actualidad, parte de la ciudad de Wuhan), en China central, extendiéndose a otras provincias, mientras Sun tomaba el control de la revuelta. Los ejércitos manchúes, reorganizados por el general Yuan Shikai, eran claramente superiores a las fuerzas rebeldes, pero Yuan sólo aplicó una presión militar limitada y negoció con los dirigentes rebeldes ser designado presidente de un nuevo gobierno republicano. El 12 de febrero de 1912 Sun Yat-sen cedió su puesto de presidente provisional en favor de Yuan y sumisamente los manchúes se retiraron del poder. El 14 de febrero de 1912 una asamblea revolucionaria reunida en Nanjing eligió a Yuan primer presidente de la República de China.
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from the French speaking world. Today, it refers only to card games that contain playing cards with
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