Los últimos 200 años de la dinastía Zhou fueron paupérrimos, enmarcada por una gran crisis política y económica. La dirigencia comercial deseaba ocupar cargos en los gobiernos (claramente prohibido según la dinastía Zhou dado que sostenían los derechos divinos legitamadno su poder) así como un decaímiento en en el rendimiento agrario. Se generaron distintas movimientos, manifestaciones y cesación de actividades que llevaron a una pérdidas del poder de la dinastía que ya no sabía como manejar la situación. Es por esto que los reinos comenzaron a clamar y actuar de forma soberana e independiente del poder de la dinastía Zhou, dándose la famosa época de anarquía china llamada los Reinos Combatientes, entre 481-221 a.C.
Como lo indica su nombre, la dinastía quedo relegada a un segundo lugar, netamente utópico que carecía de poder y dominio de su territorio. Los reinos, ante las amenazas y sus deseos expansionistas en materia geográfica y agrícolo-comercial, desarrollaron grandes alianzas y posteriores enfrentamientos que no hacía más que debilitar al reinado de China.
Cuando todo indicaba que la situación no tenía solución y las guerras civiles eran cada vez más crudas, el reino del norte Qin o Ch´i, de base legalista, comenzó a fortalecerse a nivel económico y militar, realizando una campaña para reunificar el reinado chino y hacer colapsar definitivamenete la utópica dinastía Zhou. Así, de manera bélica y diplómatica, el reino de Qin se fue colocando en los primeros planos y es el año 221 a.C. cuando el rey de Qin se autoproclamó Qin Shi Huangdi, o primer emperador de la dinastía Qin. Cabe destacar que de esta dinastía proviene el nombre de "China".
Con la ayuda de un ministro legalista, Li Si, el emperador Qin Shi Huang (segunda foto) unificó el mosaico de estados feudales en un imperio administrativamente centralizado y culturalmente unificado. Se abolieron las aristocracias hereditarias y sus territorios se dividieron en provincias gobernadas por burócratas nombrados por el emperador. La capital de Qin, cerca de la actual ciudad de Xi’an, se convirtió en la primera sede de la China imperial. Se adoptó un sistema de escritura y su uso se hizo obligatorio en todo el Imperio. Para promocionar el comercio interno y la integración económica, los Qin unificaron los pesos y medidas, la acuñación de moneda y las medidas de las hachas. Se adoptó la propiedad privada de la tierra y se aplicaron leyes e impuestos con igualdad. La búsqueda de la uniformidad cultural llevó a los Qin a ilegalizar muchas escuelas filosóficas que habían florecido a finales del último periodo Zhou.
El primer emperador también intentó extender las fronteras exteriores de China. En el sur sus ejércitos marcharon hacia el delta del río Rojo, lo que en la actualidad es Vietnam. En el suroeste su dominio se extendió para englobar la mayor parte de las actuales provincias de Yunnan, Guizhou y Sichuan. En el noroeste sus conquistas alcanzaron Lanzhou, en la actual provincia de Gansu y el noreste, un sector de lo que hoy es Corea, reconoció la superioridad de los Qin. El centro de la civilización china, sin embargo, permaneció en el valle del Huang He. Aparte de la unificación y expansión del Imperio, el logro más conocido de la dinastía Qin fue la terminación de la Gran Muralla china.
El coste económico y humano de las conquistas extranjeras de los Qin y la construcción de la Gran Muralla y otras obras públicas fue enorme. El peso siempre creciente de los impuestos, el servicio militar y los trabajos forzados crearon un hondo resentimiento contra la dinastía Qin entre las clases populares del Imperio. Además, las clases intelectuales estaban ofendidas por la política gubernamental de control del pensamiento, en especial la quema de libros. El sucesor de Qin Shi Huangdi cayó bajo la influencia de un astuto eunuco de palacio. Siguió una lucha por el poder, mutilando la administración central y el pueblo indignado se levantó en una rebelión.
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