Fundada por Chu, los Ming establecieron su capital en principio en Nanjing y revitalizaron la civilización china de los Tang y los Song. Su poder se asentó firmemente en China y a lo largo de Asia oriental, se restableció el gobierno civil, se fomentó la literatura, se fundaron escuelas y se reformó la administración de justicia; se amplió la Gran Muralla y se mejoró el Gran Canal. El imperio se dividió en 15 provincias, la mayor parte de las cuales aún mantienen sus nombres originales. Cada provincia estaba supervisada por tres comisionados —uno para las finanzas, otro para los temas militares y un tercero para los temas judiciales. El comisionado financiero, que encabezaba la administración, fue sustituido en los últimos años de la dinastía por un gobernador.
Los primeros Ming también restablecieron el sistema de relaciones tributarias mediante las cuales los estados no chinos de Asia oriental reconocieron la supremacía cultural y moral de China y enviaron periódicamente tributos a la corte china. Durante el primer cuarto del siglo XV, las tribus de Mongolia fueron derrotadas definitivamente y la capital volvió a ubicarse en Pekín. Las expediciones navales chinas extendieron el poder del imperio Ming a lo largo de todo el sureste de Asia, la India y Madagascar. Sin embargo, desde mediados del siglo XV, el poder Ming comenzó a declinar. El protagonismo imperial se había deteriorado y los eunucos de la corte llegaron a ejercer un gran control sobre el emperador, alentando el descontento y la creación de grupos disidentes en el gobierno. El tesoro imperial se había reducido a causa del coste de la defensa contra las repetidas incursiones mongolas y las incursiones de los piratas japoneses que habían asolado la costa sureste durante todo el siglo XVI. Una campaña de siete años contra las tropas japonesas en Corea a finales del siglo XVI dejó a los Ming exhaustos.
Durante el periodo de decadencia de los Ming, se iniciaron las relaciones marítimas entre Occidente y China. Los primeros en llegar fueron los portugueses, en 1521, y hacia 1557 habían adquirido una factoría comercial en Macao. Después de 1570 comenzó el comercio entre China y los asentamientos españoles en Filipinas. En 1619 los holandeses se asentaron en Taiwan y tomaron posesión de las cercanas islas Pescadores. Mientras tanto, en la última mitad del siglo XVI, habían llegado a China desde Europa misioneros jesuitas y comenzaron a predicar el cristianismo. La sabiduría y los conocimientos de los jesuitas pronto les dieron acceso a la corte Ming, ante la oposición de los sabios neoconfucianos que permanecían preocupados con problemas de orden social. Los jesuitas fueron incapaces de implantar el cristianismo y de arraigar en China el pensamiento científico occidental.
La caída de los Ming se ocasionó por una rebelión que estalló en la provincia de Shaanxi como resultado de la incapacidad gubernamental para proporcionar ayudas en momentos de hambre y desempleo. Cuando los rebeldes llegaron a Pekín en 1664, las tropas Ming estaban desplegadas en la Gran Muralla, procurando frenar la invasión de los manchúes, una tribu tungúsica que había obtenido recientemente el poder en Dongbei Pingyuan (Manchuria). Los Ming decidieron aceptar la ayuda manchú para expulsar a los rebeldes de la capital, pero tras prestar esa colaboración, los manchúes se negaron a abandonar Pekín, lo que forzó a los Ming a retirarse al Sur de China, donde intentaron, sin éxito, restablecer su régimen.
Los primeros Ming también restablecieron el sistema de relaciones tributarias mediante las cuales los estados no chinos de Asia oriental reconocieron la supremacía cultural y moral de China y enviaron periódicamente tributos a la corte china. Durante el primer cuarto del siglo XV, las tribus de Mongolia fueron derrotadas definitivamente y la capital volvió a ubicarse en Pekín. Las expediciones navales chinas extendieron el poder del imperio Ming a lo largo de todo el sureste de Asia, la India y Madagascar. Sin embargo, desde mediados del siglo XV, el poder Ming comenzó a declinar. El protagonismo imperial se había deteriorado y los eunucos de la corte llegaron a ejercer un gran control sobre el emperador, alentando el descontento y la creación de grupos disidentes en el gobierno. El tesoro imperial se había reducido a causa del coste de la defensa contra las repetidas incursiones mongolas y las incursiones de los piratas japoneses que habían asolado la costa sureste durante todo el siglo XVI. Una campaña de siete años contra las tropas japonesas en Corea a finales del siglo XVI dejó a los Ming exhaustos.
Durante el periodo de decadencia de los Ming, se iniciaron las relaciones marítimas entre Occidente y China. Los primeros en llegar fueron los portugueses, en 1521, y hacia 1557 habían adquirido una factoría comercial en Macao. Después de 1570 comenzó el comercio entre China y los asentamientos españoles en Filipinas. En 1619 los holandeses se asentaron en Taiwan y tomaron posesión de las cercanas islas Pescadores. Mientras tanto, en la última mitad del siglo XVI, habían llegado a China desde Europa misioneros jesuitas y comenzaron a predicar el cristianismo. La sabiduría y los conocimientos de los jesuitas pronto les dieron acceso a la corte Ming, ante la oposición de los sabios neoconfucianos que permanecían preocupados con problemas de orden social. Los jesuitas fueron incapaces de implantar el cristianismo y de arraigar en China el pensamiento científico occidental.
La caída de los Ming se ocasionó por una rebelión que estalló en la provincia de Shaanxi como resultado de la incapacidad gubernamental para proporcionar ayudas en momentos de hambre y desempleo. Cuando los rebeldes llegaron a Pekín en 1664, las tropas Ming estaban desplegadas en la Gran Muralla, procurando frenar la invasión de los manchúes, una tribu tungúsica que había obtenido recientemente el poder en Dongbei Pingyuan (Manchuria). Los Ming decidieron aceptar la ayuda manchú para expulsar a los rebeldes de la capital, pero tras prestar esa colaboración, los manchúes se negaron a abandonar Pekín, lo que forzó a los Ming a retirarse al Sur de China, donde intentaron, sin éxito, restablecer su régimen.
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