viernes, 13 de junio de 2008

El Mandato Mongol (1279-1368): El gobierno extranjero


Kublai trasladó la capital mongola desde Karakorum hasta un lugar cercano a Pekín, desde donde gobernó un imperio que se extendía desde la Europa oriental hasta Corea y desde el norte de Siberia al sur de la frontera norte de la India. Kublai y sus sucesores adoptaron gran parte de la maquinaria administrativa que había existido bajo los Song. Gobernaron como emperadores de China con el título dinástico de Yuan (1279-1368) y así son considerados por los chinos. El reinado de Kublai Kan fue el punto más alto del poder mongol. Se mejoraron mucho las comunicaciones y las rutas de comercio de Asia central, bajo control mongol, eran ahora más seguras que nunca, favoreciendo el tráfico comercial desde Occidente a Oriente. Llegaron a China misioneros y comerciantes, y con ellos aparecieron nuevas ideas, técnicas, alimentos y medicinas. El más conocido de los extranjeros que llegaron a China fue el mercader veneciano Marco Polo, cuyos escritos describieron muy vivamente el esplendor del Imperio mongol.
Mientras tanto, existía un creciente descontento dentro de China. La clase oficial confuciana estaba resentida por las prohibiciones mongolas para que los chinos ocuparan puestos importantes. La inflación y los impuestos oprimían a los campesinos chinos. Las décadas de 1330 y 1340 estuvieron marcadas por las malas cosechas y el hambre en el norte de China, y por fuertes inundaciones del Huang He. Durante la década de 1340 tuvieron lugar levantamientos en casi todas las provincias. En la siguiente década aparecieron destacados dirigentes rebeldes y en la década de 1360 Chu Yuanziang, un antiguo monje budista, fue capaz de extender su poder a través del valle del Yangzi Jiang. En 1371, mientras los mongoles estaban paralizados por rivalidades internas, marchó hacia el norte y tomó Pekín. Finalmente los mongoles se retiraron a su territorio de Mongolia, desde donde continuaron hostigando a los chinos.

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